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Abstract
Background Cancer antigen-125 (Ca-125) is traditionally recognised as a tumour marker and its role in cardiovascular diseases has been studied only in recent years. Whether Ca-125 is elevated in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and its levels predict the risk of AF remains controversial. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between Ca-125 levels and AF.
Methods PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched until 1 June 2017 for studies that evaluated the association between Ca-125 and AF. Inclusion criteria included studies that compare Ca-125 in patients with and without AF, or those reporting HRs/ORs for risk of AF stratified by Ca-125 levels.
Results A total of 39 entries were retrieved from the databases, of which 10 studies were included in the final meta-analysis. Ca-125 was significantly higher in patients with AF compared with those in sinus rhythm (mean difference=16 U/mL, 95% CI 2 to 30 U/mL, P<0.05; I2: 98%). Ca-125 significantly increased the risk of AF (HR: 1.39, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.82, P<0.05; I2: 84%).
Conclusion Ca-125 was significantly higher in patients with AF than in those in sinus rhythm, and high Ca-125 is predictive of AF occurrence. However, the high heterogeneity observed means there is an uncertainty in the relationship between Ca-125 and AF, which needs to be confirmed by larger prospective studies.
- atrial fibrillation
- risk stratification
- arrhythmias
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Introduction
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most commonly observed arrhythmia encountered during clinical practice, but its pathogenesis is multifactorial, with recent work implicating inflammatory activation as an underlying mechanism.1 Several inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein and interleukin (IL)-6, are elevated in the context of AF.2 3 Recent work has focused on the roles of non-traditional markers in cardiovascular disorders. For example, cancer antigen-125 (Ca-125) is a tumour marker whose levels are typically raised in malignancies such as ovarian cancer. Ca-125 may be a secondary cytokine whose levels are increased in response to primary cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and IL-1,4 and thus is elevated in proinflammatory conditions. Since inflammation has been associated with heart failure (HF) and AF, Ca-125 may be a useful biomarker for predicting disease severity and occurrence. Indeed, Ca-125 levels have been shown to correlate with symptoms and disease progression in HF.5 This marker has been associated with higher risk of AF in some studies, while others have reported no significant association. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to elucidate the relationship between Ca-125 levels and risk of AF.
Methods
Search strategy, inclusion and exclusion criteria
The meta-analysis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. PubMed and EMBASE were searched for studies that investigated the relationship between Ca-125 levels and AF using the following terms: (‘Ca-125’ and ‘atrial fibrillation’). The search period was from the beginning of the databases to 1 July 2017, with no language restrictions. The following inclusion criteria were applied: (1) the design was a case–control, prospective or retrospective cohort study in humans; (2) Ca-125 values were provided and related to AF endpoints.
The quality assessment of these studies included in our meta-analysis was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS). The point score system evaluated the categories of study participant selection, comparability of the results and quality of the outcomes. The following characteristics were assessed: (A) representativeness of the exposed cohort; (B) selection of the non-exposed cohort; (C) ascertainment of exposure; (D) demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at the start of study; (E) comparability of cohorts on the basis of the design or analysis; (F) assessment of outcomes; (G) follow-up period sufficiently long for outcomes to occur; and (H) adequacy of follow-up of cohorts. This scale varied from zero to nine stars, which indicated that studies were graded as poor quality if they met <5 criteria, fair if they met 5–7 criteria, and good if they met >8 criteria. The details of the NOS quality assessment are shown in online supplementary tables 1 and 2.
Data extraction and statistical analysis
Data from the different studies were entered in prespecified spreadsheet in Microsoft Excel. All publications identified were assessed for compliance with the inclusion criteria. In this meta-analysis, the extracted data elements consisted of: (1) publication details: surname of first author, publication year; (2) study design; (3) follow-up duration; (4) the quality score; and (5) the characteristics of the population including sample size, gender, age and cut-off point for Ca-125 levels. This systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA statement.6 Two reviewers (AC and GT) independently reviewed each included study and disagreements were resolved by adjudication with input from a third reviewer (TL).
Mean differences in Ca-125 levels between patients with and without AF were extracted from each study and subsequently pooled in our meta-analysis. For the relationship between Ca-125 and AF, multivariate adjusted HRs or ORs and their 95% CIs were extracted from each study. When values from multivariate analysis were not available, those from univariate analysis were used. When the latter were not provided, raw data were used to calculate unadjusted HR where possible. ORs were converted to HRs using the formula HR=OR/(1−baseline risk+(baseline risk×OR)). Heterogeneity across studies was determined using Cochran’s Q value, which is the weighted sum of squared differences between individual study effects and the pooled effect across studies, and the I2 statistic from the standard χ2 test, which describes the percentage of the variability in the effect estimates resulting from heterogeneity. I2>50% was considered to reflect significant statistical heterogeneity. The random effects model using the inverse variance heterogeneity method was used when I2>50%, otherwise the fixed effects model was used. To locate the origin of the heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis excluding one study at a time, and subgroup analyses based on different disease conditions and Ca-125 cut-offs were performed. Funnel plots showing SEs or precision against the logarithms of the OR were constructed. Begg and Mazumdar rank correlation test and Egger’s test were used to determine publication bias.
Results
A flow diagram detailing the above search terms with inclusion and exclusion criteria is depicted in figure 1. A total of 9 and 30 entries were retrieved from PubMed and EMBASE, respectively. Comparing with the entries extracted from PubMed search, 12 duplicate entries from the EMBASE search were found and removed. This yielded 27 publications and further assessment demonstrated that 10 studies met the inclusion criteria.7–16
Flow chart of the database search and study selection process. Ca-125, cancer antigen-125.
Ca-125 levels for patients in AF and those in sinus rhythm were examined in the following contexts: HF in five studies, patients with cardiac symptoms in one study, medical inpatients who did not have HF, inflammatory or malignant conditions in three studies and postmenopausal women in one study. The baseline characteristics of these studies are listed in table 1. Five were prospective studies and five were retrospective studies. The mean follow-up duration was 32±34 months. A total of 3858 subjects were included (mean: 386; range from 58 to 2642). The mean age was 71 years old (21% male). The mean cut-off point for Ca-125 was 42.5±31.4 U/mL.
Characteristics of the 10 studies included in this meta-analysis
Ca-125 levels in AF versus sinus rhythm
Nine studies compared Ca-125 levels between patients with AF and those in sinus rhythm. Of these, seven reported significant elevations in this marker with AF, whereas two reported no difference when compared with controls (figure 2). The pooled mean difference was 16 U/mL (95% CI 2 to 20 U/mL, P<0.05). I2 took a value of 98%, indicating the presence of significant heterogeneity. Funnel plots are shown in online supplementary figures 1 and 2. Begg and Mazumdar rank correlation suggested no significant publication bias (Kendal’s tau value −0.13, P>0.05). Egger’s test demonstrated no significant asymmetry (intercept 1.5, t-value 0.5; P>0.05). Sensitivity analysis excluding one study at a time did not significantly affect the pooled estimate (online supplementary figure 3).
Supplementary file 3
Mean difference in cancer antigen-125 (Ca-125) levels between patients with atrial fibrillation and those in sinus rhythm. AF, atrial fibrillation.
Risk of AF from increased Ca-125 levels
Eight studies examined the risk of incident AF as a function of Ca-125 levels. Of these, five studies reported a higher risk of AF with elevations in Ca-125, whereas three studies reported no significant increase in this risk. The pooled meta-analysis demonstrated that elevated Ca-125 levels are associated with 1.39 times higher risk of AF (95% CI 1.06 to 1.82, P<0.05; figure 3). I2 took a value of 84%, indicating the presence of substantial heterogeneity. Funnel plots are shown in online supplementary figures 4 and 5. Begg and Mazumdar rank correlation suggested no significant publication bias (Kendal’s tau value 0.18, P>0.05). Egger’s test demonstrated significant asymmetry (intercept 1.9, t-value 3.0; P<0.01). Sensitivity analysis excluding one study at a time did not significantly affect the pooled estimate (online supplementary figure 6). Next, subgroup analysis based on different Ca-125 cut-off values was performed to determine whether this was a source of heterogeneity. However, meta-analysis of studies using ≤35 U/mL demonstrated a pooled HR of 1.26 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.66; P=0.1; I2=0%) and >35 U/mL demonstrated a pooled HR of 1.49 (95% CI 1.06 to 2.08; P<0.05; I2=88%). Given the high heterogeneity that remains on pooling the studies using a cut-off of >35 U/mL, different cut-off values did not appear to contribute significantly to the heterogeneity observed.
HR for atrial fibrillation risk due to increased Ca-125 levels. AF, atrial fibrillation; Ca-125, cancer antigen-125.
Subgroup analyses based on underlying medical conditions
To locate the origin of the heterogeneity, subgroup analyses based on the different disease conditions were performed. First, five studies on HF were included. The pooled mean difference for Ca-125 between patients with HF with AF and patients with HF in sinus rhythm was 29 U/mL (95% CI 1 to 56 U/mL; I2: 87%) (online supplementary figure 7). The HR for AF risk was 1.20 but this did not quite reach significance (95% CI 0.93 to 1.54, P>0.05; I2: 75%) (online supplementary figure 8). Second, three studies on general medical inpatients excluding HF, inflammatory conditions and malignancy were meta-analysed. This demonstrated no significant difference in Ca-125 values between patients with AF and those in sinus rhythm (mean difference=−12 U/mL, 95% CI −35 to 11 U/mL; I2: 76%) (online supplementary figure 9). The HR for AF risk was 2.25 but this did not reach significance (95% CI 0.84 to 6.04, P>0.05; I2: 89%) (online supplementary figure 10).
Discussion
The main findings of this meta-analysis are that: (1) Ca-125 levels in patients with AF were higher than those who were with sinus rhythm; and (2) increased Ca-125 levels are associated with an increased risk of AF.
Ca-125 (also called carbohydrate antigen) is produced by coelomic epithelial cells, such as those located in the peritoneum and pleura, after mechanical stress and/or inflammation.17 Classically, Ca-125 was studied as a tumour marker associated with ovarian cancer. Increases in serum levels of Ca-125 have been described in women with ovarian cancer associated with peritoneal involvement as well as, although less frequently, in other types of cancer (lung, breast, uterine and gastrointestinal tract). Ca-125 can be elevated also in nephrotic syndrome, hepatic cirrhosis and HF. Ca-125 is therefore a non-specific marker. Recently, it has been implicated in cardiovascular disease, with increased plasma Ca-125 concentration having been reported in patients suffering from pericardial, pleural and peritoneal effusions.12 A recent meta-analysis investigated the predictive value of Ca-125 in HF,18 but its value in AF remains controversial. For example, some studies reported higher values of Ca-125 in subjects with AF compared with those in sinus rhythm, whereas others reported no significant difference. Previous studies have associated AF with increased cytokine levels19; further consideration of plasma Ca-125 levels may thus serve as an important measure of risk of developing AF as well as a useful marker in AF burden-reducing strategies. Higher levels of Ca-125 in patients with HF with AF were speculated to be linked to increased stress and inflammation.20 The mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of AF, such as inflammation, increased oxidative stress and a prothrombotic state, may be decreased through timely diagnosis and quicker application of appropriate treatment. This might prove Ca-125 levels to be a valuable prognostic tool, allowing for targeted treatment approaches, with it already being a strong predictor of mortality in patients with decompensated HF.21
The mechanisms underlying raised Ca-125 levels in cardiovascular diseases, including AF, are manyfold. Impaired ventricular function, left atrial remodelling, increased vascular mechanical and oxidative stress,22 a prothrombotic state and overall systemic inflammatory response lead to a significant increase in the production of cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8 and IL-10, which induce release of Ca-125 from the epithelial coelomic cells of the serosal tissues. Although most of the studies included in this meta-analysis showed significantly increased levels of Ca-125 in patients with AF, the actual relationship between Ca-125 and AF remains not entirely clear. Increases in this non-specific marker could at the same time reflect a surrogate for the progression of underlying diseases, play an active role in worsening cardiac function in patients with HF and significantly contribute to AF development.
In addition, in patients with permanent AF, higher heart rates and larger left atrium dimensions were also correlated with high Ca-125 levels with concomitant increases in neuroendocrine messengers such as norepinephrine and atrial natriuretic peptides.23 These findings, in combination with results from this meta-analysis, may shed some light into the pathophysiological mechanism stimulating Ca-125 production within patients with AF.
Strengths and limitations
The main strengths of this meta-analysis are as follows. First, PRISMA guidelines were adhered to, and therefore we are confident that the quality of this study is high. Second, 9 of the 10 studies had a score of 7 or above out of 10 for quality analysis, indicating that the data from these studies were reliable. However, some limitations remain. First, Ca-125 elevation might be associated with undiagnosed underlying comorbidity, the prevalence of which might have been underestimated in this meta-analysis. Our subgroup analyses demonstrated that Ca-125 levels remained higher in patients with AF compared with those in sinus rhythm in HF, but not in medical inpatients without HF, inflammatory conditions and malignancy. This would suggest HF as an underlying cause of Ca-125 release. Although in each study patients with previous diagnosis of malignancy were excluded, there could have been cases of occult or undiagnosed malignancy, which remains a potential confounder. Nevertheless, the included studies had high quality scores, increasing the confidence of the data used for our meta-analysis.
Second, attempts were made to identify the origin of the high heterogeneity for our meta-analysis of HRs for mortality. The nature of the HRs (ie, multivariate or univariate values) did not contribute significantly to heterogeneity since all studies apart from one used multivariate HRs. High heterogeneity remained on pooling the studies using different Ca-125 cut-off values (≤35 vs >35 U/mL). However, I2 remained substantial for cut-off >35 U/mL, taking a value of 88%, suggesting that the differential cut-offs did not contribute significantly to the heterogeneity observed. Subgroup analysis for HF yielded also I2 of 75%, indicating that even within the HF cohorts, the populations were heterogeneous. Moreover, to explore for the high heterogeneity for mean difference of Ca-125 between patients with AF and non-AF patients, subgroup analyses based on HF and general medical conditions were conducted. However, I2 remained substantial in both cases, taking values of 87% and 76%, respectively, suggesting the different patient populations did not contribute significantly to the heterogeneity observed.
Third, sample size is a limitation. Some studies included small numbers of patients and some subgroups were not adequately represented (ie, AF lasting <6 months), thus potentially biasing the outcomes. Results from these studies could have been confirmed in larger cohorts of patients and in prospective studies. Importantly, in some studies, a single ECG was used to detect AF, rather than a prolonged monitoring method, such as 48-hour Holter ECG. This may have significantly underestimated the incidence of asymptomatic AF.
Finally, different commercially available kits with different reference ranges were used to determine Ca-125 levels. The majority used a solution of suspended, submicron-sized latex particles to measure analytes. However, clinical performance for measurement of Ca-125 elevation has not been compared and this represents a potential limitation. Further efforts are needed to standardise Ca-125 measurement and reduce assay variability.
Conclusions
Our meta-analysis found that Ca-125 was associated with AF, but due to the high heterogeneity between the studies, larger prospective studies are needed to confirm the relationship and its value as a biomarker.
Key messages
What is already known about this subject?
Cancer antigen-125 (Ca-125) is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. It is also associated with atrial fibrillation (AF) in some studies but not others.
What does this study add?
Ca-125 is higher in patients with AF than those in sinus rhythm, and may be a predictor of AF. Ca-125 is especially high in patients with AF with heart failure.
How might this impact on clinical practice?
Ca-125 may be a novel biomarker of AF. However, due to the high heterogeneity between the studies, larger prospective studies are needed to confirm the relationship and its value as a biomarker.
Supplementary file 1
Supplementary file 2
References
Footnotes
Contributors AC: screening of articles, data extraction, drafting of manuscript. MG: critical revision of manuscript, conducted quality analysis. GT: conceived the study, screening of articles, data extraction, drafted the manuscript, critical revision of manuscript. JN, TDS, MBY, KH: provided additional data from their original publications for meta-analysis, critical revision of manuscript. All other authors contributed to critical revision of manuscript.
Funding GT and SHW are supported by the Croucher Foundation of Hong Kong. This work was supported by a research grant (Number: 81570298) from the National Natural Science Foundation of China to TL.
Competing interests None declared.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.