Socio-economic disparities in heart disease in the Republic of Lebanon: findings from a population-based study
- 1Council on Middle East Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- 2Center for Research on Population and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- 3Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Bir Zeit, Occupied Palestinian Territory
- 4Department of Health Behavior and Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Correspondence to Dr Tarik Ramahi, 34 Hillhouse Avenue, Luce 344, New Haven, CT 06520-8206, USA; ramahi{at}aya.yale.edu
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Contributors TR formulated the research plan in consultation with MK. TR wrote the Introduction and Discussion sections and drafted all versions of the manuscript. He modified the tables and assembled all references. MK analysed the data and drafted the Methods and Results sections. He also commented on the entire manuscript. NA-R contributed to data analysis and prepared the initial versions of the tables and commented on the manuscript. SA came up with the initial study concept which was subsequently modified by TR. She also commented on the manuscript.
- Accepted 10 March 2010
Abstract
Background Socio-economic inequalities in the incidence of heart disease exist in developed countries. No data are available on the relation between heart disease and socio-economic status in Arab countries. This study examined the relation between heart disease and socio-economic status (income and education) among adults in Lebanon.
Methods The study examined data from 7879 respondents aged 40 years or more in the 2004 Lebanese Survey of Family Health. The dependent variable was reported heart disease. The main independent variables were education and household income. The analysis adjusted for the classic risk factors of coronary heart disease (CHD), namely smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, age, sex and other socio-demographic variables. Bivariate associations were calculated using χ2 tests. Adjusted ORs for heart disease were calculated using multivariate logistic regression models.
Results 7.5% of respondents reported cardiac disease, 15.2% hypertension, 10.1% diabetes, 3.2% hypercholesterolaemia and 47.5% smoked at the time or previously. After adjustment for the classic risk factors of CHD, reported heart disease was inversely associated with education (OR=1.53, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.04, for those with less than elementary and OR=1.34, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.80, for those with elementary education). Reported heart disease was also inversely associated with income (OR=1.40, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.80, for those in the lowest income bracket). Past smoking, hypertension, age, male sex, marriage and residence in Beirut were all significantly associated with reported cardiac disease.
Conclusions In Lebanon, adults with lower income and educational levels had a higher prevalence of heart disease independent of the risk factors of CHD.
Footnotes
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Competing interests None.
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Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; not externally peer reviewed.
