Baseline characteristics of cases and controls (adult offspring)†
| Variables | Case (n=153) | Control (n=153) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male (%) | 125 (81.7) | 125 (81.7) | 1.000 |
| Age (years) | 47.1±6.2 | 46.9±6.4 | 0.121 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 120.7±21.2 | 120.3±21.6 | 0.867 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 78.2±13.7 | 80.2±14.1) | 0.221 |
| Plasma glucose (mmol/L)‡ | 6.9 (5.7–9.6) | 4.8 (4.3–5.6) | <0.001* |
| Raised plasma glucose§ (%) | 103 (67.3) | 25 (16.3) | <0.001* |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L)‡ | 5.1 (4.4–5.9) | 5.3 (4.8–5.9) | 0.541 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L)‡ | 1.6 (1.1–2.4) | 1.5 (1.2–2.3) | 0.287 |
| HDL-chol (mmol/L) | 0.9±0.2 | 1.2±0.3 | <0.001* |
| LDL-chol (mmol/L) | 3.5±1.3 | 3.9±0.9 | 0.002* |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.4±3.1 | 24.4±4.1 | 0.962 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 86.3±7.8 | 88.7±10.2 | 0.013* |
| Metabolic syndrome (%) | 92 (60.1) | 30 (19.6) | <0.001* |
| History of hypertension (%) | 99 (64.7) | 60 (39.2) | <0.001* |
| History of diabetes mellitus (%) | 44 (28.8) | 17 (11.1) | <0.001* |
| Maternal history of CVD¶ (%) | 21 (13.7) | 27 (17.6) | 0.430 |
| Paternal history of CVD** (%) | 22 (14.4) | 25 (16.3) | 0.755 |
| Monthly income (IDR 1,810,000)†† (%) | 82 (53.6) | 68 (44.4) | 0.146 |
| College education (%) | 67 (43.8) | 48 (31.4) | 0.034* |
| High salty food/MSG intake (%) | 73 (47.7) | 47 (30.7) | 0.002* |
| High fatty food intake (%) | 31 (20.3) | 9 (5.9) | <0.001* |
| Less fibre (%) | 9 (5.9) | 11 (7.2) | 0.824 |
| Current smoker (%) | 70 (45.8) | 49 (32.0) | 0.015* |
| Former smoker (%) | 36 (23.5) | 46 (30.1) | 0.203 |
| Physical inactivity (%) | 101 (66.0) | 117 (76.5) | 0.060 |
*p<0.05.
†Values are n (%) or means±SD, unless otherwise stated. Comparison of baseline characteristics between cases and controls (adult offspring) was performed using paired-samples t-test for continuous variables and McNemar's χ2 test for categorical variables.
‡Values are medians (Q1–Q3). Comparison was performed using Wilcoxon sign-rank test for paired samples.
§Defined as fasting plasma glucose ≥6.1 mmol/L.
¶Maternal history of CVD defined as mother had CVD at age <65 years.
**Paternal history of CVD defined as father had CVD at age <55 years.
††The cut-off point based on the national average of minimum wages for decent living in Indonesia in 2015.
BP, blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HDL-chol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; IDR, Indonesian Rupiah; LDL-chol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; MSG, monosodium glutamate.