Clinical characteristics
| PeAF (n=21) | PAF (n=67) | P value | |
| Age (yrs) | 73.6±6.7 | 73.7±6.7 | 0.945 |
| Sex (male; n, %) | 14 (66.7%) | 28 (41.8%) | 0.0464 |
| Body height (cm) | 161.9±8.6 | 158.7±8.2 | 0.130 |
| Body weight (kg) | 64.8±14.8 | 60.0±13.7 | 0.1786 |
| BMI (kg/m²) | 24.6±4.7 | 23.6±4.1 | 0.3771 |
| PQ time (ms) | 187.9±44.0 | 179.6±32.8 | 0.3569 |
| E wave (cm/s) | 65.1±18.7 | 66.1±17.6 | 0.8235 |
| A wave (cm/s) | 70.6±13.5 | 80.7±18.2 | 0.0224 |
| E/A | 0.988±0.46 | 0.88±0.55 | 0.4643 |
| DcT (ms) | 228.2±43.1 | 237.9±70.9 | 0.5566 |
| e′ (cm/s) | 5.71±1.68 | 6.32±1.61 | 0.137 |
| E/e′ | 11.92±3.82 | 10.80±2.96 | 0.1621 |
| LVEF (%) | 65.6±4.8 | 66.6±5.4 | 0.4882 |
| LAD (mm) | 40.5±5.0 | 37.8±5.7 | 0.0524 |
| BNP (pg/mL) | 55.7±33.4 | 53.4±43.4 | 0.8217 |
| WBC (/µL) | 6289.0±1250.3 | 5891.2±1838.8 | 0.3576 |
| Hb (g/dL) | 13.4±1.8 | 13.5±1.4 | 0.914 |
| Cr (mg/dL) | 0.83±0.23 | 0.86±0.23 | 0.6945 |
| HTN | 15 (71.4%) | 44 (65.7%) | 0.6243 |
| HL | 10 (47.6%) | 34 (50.8%) | 0.8025 |
| DM | 5 (23.8%) | 16 (23.9%) | 0.995 |
| β-blocker | 4 (19.1%) | 9 (13.4%) | 0.5269 |
| Antiarrhythmics | 11 (52.4%) | 39 (58.2%) | 0.638 |
| CCB | 12 (57.1%) | 31 (46.3%) | 0.3844 |
| ARB/ACE-I | 12 (57.1%) | 34 (50.8%) | 0.6086 |
| Anticoagulants | 13 (61.9%) | 31 (46.3%) | 0.2111 |
| Smoking | 11 (52.4%) | 22 (32.8%) | 0.1065 |
| Ischaemic stroke | 3 (14.3%) | 5 (7.5%) | 0.3426 |
A, atrial inflow velocity; ACE-I, ACE inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; CCB, calcium channel blocker; Cr, creatinine; DM, diabetes mellitus; DcT, deceleration time; E, early inflow velocity; HL, hyperlipidaemia; HTN, hypertension; Hb, haemoglobin; LAD, left atrial diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; PeAF, permanent atrial fibrillation; WBC, white blood cell.